I Can do the Research For You

Well, I have the rubric right here. It's supposed to be on a disease/disorder, so there are a bunch of things. I'll list them for ya! And thank you for doing this. :)

• Symptoms
• Causes
• Treatments
• Random stats/facts

Again, thank you a million!

1. Symptoms
   Symptoms can include intense focus on one item, unresponsiveness, lack of understanding social cues (like tone of voice or body language), repetitive movements, or self-abusive behavior like head-banging. The severity of the symptoms varies widely among affected individuals. Other possible symptoms include learning to speak relatively late, not playing interactively with other children, avoidance of eye contact, lack of empathy, and social withdrawal. Children with ASD who have not developed sufficient language skills may act out, including screaming or crying, to express their needs. It is important to note that people with ASD may vary widely in their level of functioning, and not all people with ASD will experience all of the symptoms listed.

2. Causes
   Research tells us that autism tends to run in families. Changes in certain genes increase the risk that a child will develop autism. If a parent carries one or more of these gene changes, they may get passed to a child (even if the parent does not have autism). Other times, these genetic changes arise spontaneously in an early embryo or the sperm and/or egg that combine to create the embryo. Again, the majority of these gene changes do not cause autism by themselves. They simply increase risk for the disorder.
   Research also shows that certain environmental influences may further increase – or reduce – autism risk in people who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. Importantly, the increase or decrease in risk appears to be small for any one of these risk factors:
   -Increased Risk
   A. Advanced parent age (either parent)
   B. Pregnancy and birth complications (e.g. extreme prematurity [before 26 weeks], low birth weight, multiple pregnancies [twin, triplet, etc.])
   C. Pregnancies spaced less than one year apart
   -Decreased Risk
   Prenatal vitamins containing folic acid, before and at conception and through pregnancy
   -No effect on risk
   Vaccines. Each family has a unique experience with an autism diagnosis, and for some it corresponds with the timing of their child’s vaccinations. At the same time, scientists have conducted extensive research over the last two decades to determine whether there is any link between childhood vaccinations and autism. The results of this research is clear: Vaccines do not cause autism. The American Academy of Pediatrics has compiled a comprehensive list of this research.

3. Treatment
   Each of the items on this list followed a link to an extensive explanation of how each one works, so I'll just provide the link with each one as well.
   -Applied Behavior Analysis
   -Early Start Denver Model
   -Floortime
   -Occupational Therapy
   -Pivotal Response Treatment
   -Relationship Development Intervention
   -Speech Therapy
   -TEACCH
   -Verbal Behavior

4. Stats n' Facts
   -In 2018 the CDC determined that approximately 1 in 59 children is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
   1 in 37 boys
   1 in 151 girls

-Boys are four times more likely to be diagnosed with autism than girls.

-Most children were still being diagnosed after age 4, though autism can be reliably diagnosed as early as age 2. 

-31% of children with ASD have an intellectual disability (intelligence quotient [IQ] <70), 25% are in the borderline range (IQ 71–85), and 44% have IQ scores in the average to above average range (i.e., IQ >85).

-Autism affects all ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

-Minority groups tend to be diagnosed later and less often.

-Early intervention affords the best opportunity to support healthy development and deliver benefits across the lifespan.

-There is no medical detection for autism.

-An estimated one-third of people with autism are nonverbal.

-Nearly half of those with autism wander or bolt from safety.

-Nearly two-thirds of children with autism between the ages of 6 and 15 have been bullied.

-Nearly 28 percent of 8-year-olds with ASD have self-injurious behaviors. Head banging, arm biting and skin scratching are among the most common.

-Drowning remains a leading cause of death for children with autism and accounts for approximately 90 percent of deaths associated with wandering or bolting by those age 14 and younger.

Hope this helped! It helped me lol

I'd like to point out that the ratio of girls with autism is actually most likely higher than that, girls tend to go undiagnosed quite a lot.

I'd like to point out that the ratio of girls with autism is actually most likely higher than that, girls tend to go undiagnosed quite a lot.

Thanks for pointing this out! Good thing to consider haha

I'd like to point out that the ratio of girls with autism is actually most likely higher than that, girls tend to go undiagnosed quite a lot.

Thanks for pointing this out! Good thing to consider haha

No problem!

how to stop sleep paralysis? I know it is a strange question :P

Don't worry about it being strange! I've probably googled stranger.

To help get started, here's a list of things that may cause or increase the chances of sleep paralysis:

1. Lack of sleep
2. Sleep schedule that changes
3. Mental conditions such as stress or bipolar disorder
4. Sleeping on the back
5. Other sleep problems such as narcolepsy or nighttime leg cramps
6. Use of certain medications, such as those for ADHD
7. Substance abuse

Treating or avoiding the items on this list can improve sleep.

If the sleep paralysis is more severe, these are some larger steps you can take to treat or prevent sleep paralysis.

1. Start by making sure you get enough sleep. Do what you can to relieve stress in your life – especially just before bedtime. Try new sleeping positions if you sleep on your back. And be sure to see your doctor if sleep paralysis routinely prevents you from getting a good night's sleep.
2. Improving sleep habits – such as making sure you get six to eight hours of sleep each night
3. Using antidepressant medication if it is prescribed to help regulate sleep cycles
4. Treating any mental health problems that may contribute to sleep paralysis
5. Treating any other sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy or leg cramps

Hope this helped!

Thank you so much!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

No problem!

( bump, I've got more time to do research since school's out! )

Okay, weird question, but what type of venom/toxins would dissolve the throat if drank?

No need to worry about it being weird! As I writer I understand there are very specific situations that are fine with context but without context it's very concerning, lol. Here I go into the hole of research!

This particular post gets fairly graphic, [Acid's effect on humans] discretion is advised

Acids and Alkalies are corrosives which cause corrosion of skin, mouth, throat, stomach, and intestine on contact.
Hydrofluoric acid famously melts flesh.
Other solutions used to melt flesh are sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, strong bases commonly known as lye. (The Times story misidentified their reagent of choice as an acid.) Heated to 300 degrees, a lye solution can turn a body into tan liquid with the consistency of mineral oil in just three hours.
Acids can dissolve a body more completely than lye—liquefying even the bones and teeth—but it takes longer and can be hazardous. British murderer John George Haigh used sulfuric acid to dissolve at least six of his victims in the 1940s. He processed the bodies in a 45-gallon oil drum and reported that the victims dissolved completely in about two days. He also said he had to leave the room, finding the fumes intolerable. (Sulfuric acid can cause third-degree burns. A sprinkling of lye will merely irritate the skin but can be more dangerous if it’s mixed with water.)

I couldn't find any specifics on acidic venoms/ toxins that dissolve the throat, so I hope this helped anyway!

Thanks!

No problemo!

This thread is a gift to us all.

AWWW THAT'S VERY SWEET THANK YOU

What can you find out about Mecury Oxide?

Ooohohoho!!! You caught me on the perfect day to spend probably an hour doing research on this !! See ya then when I post this!

Let's start with what Mercury Oxide is.
(i literally have no funkin idea)
Mercury Oxide is a chemical, but a highly toxic one at that. Mercury Oxide is a solid at room temperature and pressure and usually has an orangish color. It's chemical formula is HgO. HgO can be used to produce mercury because it decomposes easily, which produces oxygen gas. It's also used to make mercury batteries. It's toxic to humans in that it is irritating to the eyes and skin, and can even damage kidneys.
Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible. HgO decomposes on exposure to light or on heating above 500 °C. Heating produces highly toxic mercury fumes and oxygen, which increases the fire hazard. Mercury(II) oxide reacts violently with reducing agents, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, magnesium (when heated), disulfur dichloride and hydrogen trisulfide. Shock-sensitive compounds are formed with metals and elements such as sulfur and phosphorus.
( All of this was found on Wikipedia )

If you need more information, let me know!

Thanks, I'm doing a project and adding this to a story.
So any extra info would be great!

Okay! I will try my best!

Properties
Yel­low HgO is a more chem­i­cal­ly ac­tive sub­stance, which breaks down at a tem­per­a­ture of 332 °С, and turns red when heat­ed. Red mer­cury ox­ide breaks down at a tem­per­a­ture of 500 °С, and when heat­ed it changes its col­or to black (re­versible re­ac­tion).

Mer­cury ox­ide (II) is poor­ly sol­u­ble in wa­ter, and the sub­stance shows weak base prop­er­ties. It dis­solves in con­cen­trat­ed so­lu­tions of al­ka­lis, form­ing hy­drox­o­com­plex­es. Yel­low HgO in­ter­acts with NH₃ with the for­ma­tion of Mil­lon’s base, and the re­ac­tion of the equa­tion is

2HgO + NH₃ → [Hg₂N]OH · H₂O + Q

This sub­stance en­ters into a re­ac­tion with acids, form­ing cor­re­spond­ing salts. It is used to ob­tain mer­cury, and also in some types of elec­tric cells. Mer­cury ox­ide has a strong tox­ic ef­fect.

Ob­tain­ing mer­cury ox­ide il­lus­trat­ed by an ex­per­i­ment
Mer­cury ox­ide (II) is a use­ful reagent, which can be used in the lab­o­ra­to­ry to ob­tain var­i­ous mer­cury salts – for ex­am­ple mer­cury chlo­ride or ac­etate (II). Mer­cury ac­etate (II) is used in or­gan­ic syn­the­sis, for ex­am­ple for ob­tain­ing alu­minum iso­propy­late, and with Hg­Cl₂ ac­tive mag­ne­sium amal­gam can be ob­tained.

To con­duct the ex­per­i­ment the fol­low­ing equip­ment is re­quired:

a flask with a ground glass joint;
test tube;
re­flux con­denser;
a frit­ted glass fil­ter;
a con­ic flask.

Reagents used
ni­tric acid 65%;
mer­cury;
caus­tic soda;
sodi­um chlo­ride or hy­drochlo­ric acid

Safety rules for the experiment
As ni­tric ox­ides (II) and (IV) are poi­sonous and have a car­cino­genic ef­fect, cau­tion must be ob­served. Mer­cury salts are tox­ic for hu­man be­ings, and also dan­ger­ous for the en­vi­ron­ment. Poi­sonous mer­cury ni­trate can eas­i­ly be ab­sorbed through the skin. You must work with a fume hood and a re­flux con­denser, as the re­leased gas­es of­ten con­tain mer­cury fumes, which are dan­ger­ous in them­selves. The syn­the­sis should be car­ried out with ex­treme cau­tion. A fa­tal dose of mer­cury ni­trate is from 0.2 to 0.4 gr. Here you’ll find safe chem­istry ex­per­i­ments to do at home.

Process of synthesis mercury oxide
Sus­pend 30 g (0.15 of a mole) of mer­cury in a test tube. Into a flask of 250 ml with a re­flux con­denser, pour 60 ml (0.9 of a mole) of HNO₃. Add mer­cury to the acid in small por­tions with a pipette, and the re­ac­tion will take place. Af­ter all the mer­cury is added, the re­flux con­denser is put on again. The so­lu­tion heats and “boils” from the vig­or­ous re­lease of ni­tro­gen diox­ide. As the re­ac­tion ends, the re­lease of brown gas stops, and the so­lu­tion in the flask be­comes col­or­less. Equa­tion of the re­ac­tion:

Hg + 4H­NO₃ => Hg(NO₃)₂ + 2NO₂ + 2H₂O

Ni­tric acid is used in abun­dance to avoid the for­ma­tion of mer­cury ni­trate (I). The liq­uid cools, and HCl or NaCl is added to it – this is a test for the pres­ence of mer­cury (I) – Hg₂²⁺. When a sed­i­ment of Hg₂­Cl₂ set­tles in the so­lu­tion, mer­cury (I) is present. A lit­tle ni­tric acid must be added to the so­lu­tion, then it must be heat­ed. If the test for the pres­ence of mer­cury (I) is neg­a­tive, then 250 ml of 4 M sodi­um hy­drox­ide is slow­ly added to the so­lu­tion. An or­ange sed­i­ment of mer­cury ox­ide (II) HgO forms, which is fil­tered. The equa­tion of the re­ac­tion:

Hg(NO₃)₂ + 2NaOH => HgO + 2NaNO₃ + H₂O

The prod­uct is rinsed with wa­ter in the fil­ter and dried to a con­stant mass in a dessi­ca­tor over sil­i­ca gel. The re­lease of mer­cury ox­ide (II) is 32.467 g.

Safe­ty rules for con­duct­ing ex­per­i­ments with mer­cury ox­ide must be strict­ly ob­served.

Decontamination of mercury waste
The en­tire fil­trate and rinsed wa­ter is col­lect­ed in a large cup, if nec­es­sary the so­lu­tion is brought to an al­ka­li and sodi­um sul­fide is added to it. Black mer­cury sul­fide HgS forms, which can be poured down the drain.
Sol­u­ble mer­cury salts must not be poured down the sink. The ob­tained mer­cury ox­ide is stored in tight­ly sealed jars.

Re­ac­tion of the break­down of mer­cury ox­ide
Ob­tain­ing oxy­gen in the lab­o­ra­to­ry is based on the break­down of loose com­pounds which con­tain oxy­gen in their com­po­si­tion. These sub­stances in­clude Berthol­let’s salt, potas­si­um per­man­ganate, sodi­um hy­drox­ide and mer­cury ox­ide. When these sub­stances are heat­ed, they break down with the re­lease of oxy­gen. The re­ac­tion of the break­down of mer­cury ox­ide can be demon­strat­ed in an ex­per­i­ment.

For the ex­per­i­ment, we use a test tube of high-melt­ing glass with a length of 17 cm and di­am­e­ter of 1.5 cm, with a bent low­er end of a length of 3 cm. In the low­er end, place 3-5 g of red mer­cury ox­ide. In the tilt­ed test tube fas­tened to a stand, place a rub­ber stop­per with a gas tube, through which the oxy­gen re­leased in heat­ing goes to the crys­tal­liz­er with wa­ter.

When mer­cury ox­ide is heat­ed to 500 °С, we ob­serve the re­lease of oxy­gen from the gas tube, and drops of metal­lic mer­cury form on the walls of the test tube. Oxy­gen dis­solves poor­ly in wa­ter, so it is col­lect­ed us­ing the method of wa­ter dis­place­ment af­ter the com­plete re­moval of oxy­gen from the test tube.

Af­ter the ex­per­i­ment is com­plet­ed, we must first take the tube out of the crys­tal­liz­er with wa­ter, then turn off the burn­er, and only open the test tube af­ter it has cooled down com­plete­ly (mer­cury fumes are very poi­sonous). In­stead of a test tube, you can use a re­tort with a re­cep­ta­cle for mer­cury. From 10 g of red mer­cury ox­ide, 500 ml of oxy­gen is ob­tained. The equa­tion of the re­ac­tion of the break­down of mer­cury ox­ide:

2HgO = 2Hg + O₂ - 2x25 kcal

Warn­ing! Sub­stances of this ex­per­i­ment are tox­ic and high­ly dan­ger­ous for your health. Do not try this at home. Only un­der pro­fes­sion­al su­per­vi­sion.

( This was taken from MelScience )

Shist @AloeVera this thread is a gift.

Haha thank you! I enjoy learning new information but I hate the pressure of school, so this is a fun alternative for me :)

So. What is it that makes light reflect off other things? And how could one possibly amplify or diminish it scientifically? I’m working on some Light and Shadow powers and want more info.

Ohhhohohohoho!!! I've actually been thinking about this lately! As an artist I've gotta take into consideration when a harder light causes this to happen, like neon lights, and I wanted to do some research on this myself! (I also think about it because I have light sensitivity, so when I walk outside into the sun, it hurts my eyes and makes me sneeze. Sometimes the sun is so bright that the concrete reflects the light just as painfully and still has an effect on me, even if I'm holding a hand in front of the sun to shade my eyes.) Thanks for helping motivate me to actually research it lmao

What is Light Reflection?

Reflection and transmission of light waves occur because the frequencies of the light waves do not match the natural frequencies of vibration of the objects. When light waves of these frequencies strike an object, the electrons in the atoms of the object begin vibrating. But instead of vibrating in resonance at a large amplitude, the electrons vibrate for brief periods of time with small amplitudes of vibration; then the energy is reemitted as a light wave. If the object is transparent, then the vibrations of the electrons are passed on to neighboring atoms through the bulk of the material and reemitted on the opposite side of the object. Such frequencies of light waves are said to be transmitted. If the object is opaque, then the vibrations of the electrons are not passed from atom to atom through the bulk of the material. Rather the electrons of atoms on the material's surface vibrate for short periods of time and then reemit the energy as a reflected light wave. Such frequencies of light are said to be reflected.

( This piece was taken from The Physics Classroom )

Geometric optics treats light as continuous rays (as opposed to waves or particles) that move through transparent media according to three laws. The first law states that light rays move through similar transparent media in straight lines. The second states that when a light ray encounters a smooth, shiny (or conducting) surface, such as a mirror, the ray bounces off that surface. The third law governs how light rays behave when they pass between two different media, such as air and water. For example, when you look at a spoon in a glass of water, the submerged part of the spoon appears to be in a different place than expected. This happens because the light rays change direction when they go from one transparent material (air) into another (water).

(This piece taken from Live Science )

How to Diminish It?

In the circumstance of having several reflective non-removable objects, it is appropriate to look at possibly changing your lighting source. If you’re lighting your scene with a set of hard fresnels that aren’t being diffused or bounced, then your reflective surfaces will all have a glaring hotspot.

However, if you switch your lights to a soft source — or at least diffuse the hard light — the light reflected will be a shapeless highlight, which is a lot less intrusive than a glaring hotspot.

(This excerpt was taken from Premium Beat. This is more focused on reflective light in the context of photography, so I'll be adding more about diminishing reflection in general.)

The reflection of light rays is one of the major aspects of geometric optics; the other is refraction, or the bending of light rays. Geometric optics is one of two broad classes of optics, the field that "deals with the propagation of light through transparent media," according to Richard Fitzpatrick, a professor of physics at the University of Texas at Austin, in lecture notes for a course in Electromagnetism and Optics. (The other class is physical optics.)

Refraction is the bending of light rays. Normally, light travels in a straight line, and changes direction and speed when it passes from one transparent medium to another, such as from air into glass.

In a vacuum, the speed of light, denoted as "c," is constant. However, when light encounters a transparent material, it slows down. The degree to which a material causes light to slow down is called that material's refractive index, denoted as "n." According to Physics.info, approximate values of n for common materials are:

Vacuum = 1 (by definition)
Air = 1.0003 (at standard temperature and pressure)
Water = 1.33 (at 68 degrees Fahrenheit or 20 degrees Celsius)
Soda-lime crown glass = 1.51
Sapphire = 1.77
71-percent lead flint glass = 1.89
Cubic zirconia = 2.17
Diamond = 2.42
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These numbers mean that the speed of light is 1.33 times slower in water and 2.42 times slower in diamond than in a vacuum.

When light passes from a region of lower n, such as air, through a surface into a region of higher n, such as glass, the light changes direction. This means its path is closer to perpendicular, or "normal," to the surface. When the light passes from a region of higher n to the region of lower n, it bends away from the "normal" direction. This is what causes the submerged part of a spoon in a glass of water to appear to bend when you put it in water.

( This piece taken from Live Science )

This subject had got me even more curious; my living room has a large mirror that takes up one entire wall, reflecting the entirety of the living room. After reading up on all this, I decided to conduct an experiment. If the mirror was not receiving light from the light source (ceiling fan's light), would it be darker in the Mirror-Living-Room than it is in Real-Living-Room? I then, of course, grabbed a TV tray and held it up on the side of the ceiling light that faces the mirror. After hitting it against the spinning ceiling fan, I did it again. To my delight, the Mirror-Living-Room got darker! Though it wasn't as if you turned off the lights, because the mirror was still reflecting the light that the objects in Real-Living-Room were reflecting, but since the primary source of light was removed, Mirror-Living-Room dimmed.

(This piece taken from Me. I just did that. I'm officially a scientist.)

How to Amplify it?

The reason why you see objects is that light hitting these objects reflects back into your eyes (and then is perceived and represented as those objects by your brain). But what happens if light coming from an object hits a flat mirror and is reflected (or bounced back) before it hits your eyes? Your brain, being unaware that the light was reflected, will reconstruct an image with the information it received, assuming the light traveled on a straight path from the object to the eye. The result is what you see in the mirror: an object that looks similar, but appears to be placed behind the mirror. We call this a reflection of the object. It is an optical illusion, a virtual image of a real object.

Mirrors, being shiny, reflect almost all the light hitting their surface. In addition, they have a very smooth surface, causing light to reflect in an orderly way. This allows your brain to reconstruct a clear image. High-quality mirrors reflect light especially well, but even high-quality mirrors absorb and scatter a small fraction of the light hitting them. As a result, a reflection is always a little dimmer and slightly less crisp than the image made with the same light reaching the eye directly.

(This piece taken from Scientific American

Conclusion

From what I've been reading, the best way to diminish light reflection off of objects is to soften the light source. By taking a harsh light source, like a neon light, the objects around it can't help but reflect that light. (love the neon aesthetic uwu). If you take a sheet or any mildly opaque fabric and place it over the light source, the chances of the light being able to force other objects to reflect the light so aggressively diminishes. Kind of like how lamp shades work. The light bulb by itself is just too aggressive and hurts the eyes, but using a lampshade lowers the harshness while still providing light.

In contrast, the best way to amplify light reflection is to increase the harshness of the light source. A simple ceiling light isn't going to cause aggressive light reflection in objects like a pillow, wooden chair, etc., but a neon light will surely change that. Even a blacklight will cause someone's fabric white shirt to practically glow!
However, if you check out the Premium Beat article, it brings up something called "chromatic objects", in which metal shiny objects such as a tin can, doorknob or glass LOVE reflecting light, so they always produce glares, which gives off it's own light.

Hope this helped!

MAN THIS IS AMAZING!

Haha thank you ! I had fun standing in front of the mirror and conducting experiments as my mom laughed in the background LMAO

Can you research Multi-verses and how they work for me? I'm doing a story that has lots of 'verse hopping.